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Itonama Spoken in Bolivia Total speakers <5 Language family Language isolate Writing system Latin alphabet Language codes ISO 639-2 sai ISO 639-3 ito Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Itonama is a moribund language isolate spoken in the Amazonian lowlands of north-eastern Bolivia. Greenberg’s (1987) classification of Itonama as Paezan, a sub-branch of Macro-Chibchan, remains unsupported and Itonama continues to be considered an isolate or unclassified language. Contents 1 Phonology 1.1 Vowels 1.2 Consonants 2 Morphology 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Phonology Vowels Front Central Back High i ɨ u Mid e ɵ Low a Diphthongs: /ai au/. Consonants Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Stop Plain p t tʲ k ʔ Ejective tʼ kʼ Voiced b d Affricate Plain tʃ Ejective tʃʼ Fricative s h Nasal m n Lateral l Flap ɾ Semivowel w j The postalveolar affricates /tʃ tʃʼ/ have alveolar allophones [ts tsʼ]. Variation occurs between speakers, and even within the speech of a single person. The semivowel /w/ is realized as a bilabial fricative [β] when preceded and followed by identical vowels. Morphology Itonama is a polysynthetic, head-marking, verb-initial language with an accusative alignment system along with an inverse subsystem in independent clauses, and straight-forward accusative alignment in dependent clauses. Nominal morphology lacks case declension and adpositions and so is simpler than verbal morphology (which has body-part and location incorporation, directionals, evidentials, verbal classifiers, among others) [1]. See also Macro-Paesan languages References ^ Crevels, M. Who did what to whom in Magdalena. pp. 3.  (Spanish) Crevels, Mily (2002). "Itonama o Sihnipadara, Lengua no clasificada de la Amazonía Boliviana". Estudios de Lingüística 16. http://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/6200/1/EL_16_01.pdf.  External links Entry for Itonama at Rosetta Project Sample of Itonama fragment This Indigenous languages of the Americas-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.v · d · e This Bolivia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.v · d · e