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Coronas-I Operator Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA) Satellite of Earth Orbits 38,897 Launch date March 2, 1994 Launch vehicle Tsyklon-3 Launch site Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 32 Mission duration 7 years Orbital decay March 4, 2001 COSPAR ID 1994-014A Mass 2,160 kg Orbital elements Inclination 82.5° Apoapsis 541 km Periapsis 501 km Orbital period 94.7 min. Orbits per day 15.2 Intercosmos 26 was launched on March 2, 1994, to conduct comprehensive investigations of the Sun under the Coronas-I international project. CORONAS is short for Complex ORbital Observations Near-Earth of Activity of the Sun.[1] The cooperative project involved specialists from Russia, Ukraine, Poland, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic, Bulgaria, France, and the United Kingdom. The rocket used was a Tsyklon-3 (R-36 11K68) launched from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 32 (LC-32) by the Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA). The satellite had a mass of 2,160 kg.[2] Orbital characteristics were perigee 501 km, apogee 541 km, inclination 82.5°.[3] The orbital period was 94.7 min.[4] Alternate designations are AUOS-SM-KI, Koronas-I, 23019, and 1994-14A.[5] Coronas-I reentered Earth's atmosphere on March 4, 2001.[6] Contents 1 Instruments 2 Scientific accomplishments 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links // Instruments Of the 12 instruments, Coronas-I carried a RES-K X-ray Spectroheliograph, the Helikon gamma-ray detector, and the SUVR-SP-C ultraviolet radiometer.[1] Coronas-I may have had a Konus-RF X-ray and gamma-ray spectrometer, a BRM X-ray detector, an RT-2 gamma-ray telescope, and the FOKA UV detector on board. Coronas-I has aboard a TEREK instrument.[7] The RES-C grazing incidence XUV spectroheliograph developed in the P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute (FIAN) is part of the CORONAS-I project.[8] Coronas-I Instruments Experiment Name Target Principal Investigator(s) Combined Solar Extreme UV Telescope and Optical Coronograph (TEREK) solar corona Zhitnik, I. Solar X-Ray Spectrometer (RES-C) solar corona Zhitnik, I. High Resolution Spectrometer (DIOGENESS) solar flares Sylwester, Janusz X-and Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (HELIKON) solar and antisolar directions, solar flares Mazets, E. Solar Burst Spectrometer (IRIS) solar bursts, anti-solar gamma-ray bursts Kocharov, G. Solar Ultraviolet Radiometer (SUVR-SP-C) Sun Kazachevskaya, Tamara, Nusinov, Anatoliy UV Solar Spectrometer (VUSS) solar line intensities Kazachevskaya, Tamara, Svidsky, Pavel White Light Photometer (DIFOS) Sun Oraevsky, Victor N. Solar and Ionospheric Radiospectrometer (SORS) solar lines Klos, Zbigniew, Pulinets, Sergey, Fomichev, Valery Energetic Particle Monitor (SKL), which consists of the SKE-3, MKL and SONG instruments energetic particles Kuznetsov, Sergei N. X-ray Spectroheliograph (RES-K) solar flares Kotov, Yu. Processing Unit (AVS) solar flares Kotov, Yu. The background conditions measured with the SONG instrument for observing gamma rays with energies 0.12 - 116 MeV and neutrons with energies > 10 MeV are sufficiently favorable that the Coronas-I satellite should be able to detect neutrons and gamma-rays from solar flares.[9] Scientific accomplishments Solar X-ray flares were a target of Coronas-I.[10] Intercosmos 26 observed the Sun near a solar cycle minimum.[7] The SONG instrument aboard CORONAS-I detected proton fluxes at Ep > 70 MeV and electrons Ee > 55 MeV, due to the Forbush effect caused by the interplanetary magnetic field sector boundary crossing the coronal mass ejection of April 1994.[11] See also 1994 in spaceflight Astronomical X-ray sources Coronal star CORONAS-F Cosmic-ray observatory Flare star Gamma ray Gamma-ray astronomy Gamma-ray burst Gamma-ray generation Gamma-ray telescopes History of X-ray astronomy Interstellar medium List of solar X-ray astronomy satellites Proton antiproton annihilation Single X-ray star Solar dynamo Solar surface fusion Solar X-ray astronomy Sun Super soft X-ray source X-radiation X-ray astronomy X-ray astronomy satellites X-ray generation References ^ a b Dennis B, Milligan R. "CORONAS". http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Solar_Satellites#CORONAS.  ^ "Intercosmos". http://www.astronautix.com/project/intosmos.htm.  ^ "AUOS". http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/mwade/craft/auos.htm.  ^ Wade M. "March 02". http://usa.agentura.ru/partners/mwade/thisday/march02.htm.  ^ Thompson BJ (Feb 2009). "ILWS Newsletter - Volume 4". http://ilws.gsfc.nasa.gov/ilws_newsletter_vol5.html.  ^ Zak A. "AUOS science platform". http://www.russianspaceweb.com/auos.html.  ^ a b Oraevsky VN Sobelman II (2002). "Comprehensive studies of solar activity on the CORONAS-F satellite". Astron Lett. 28 (6): 401-10. doi:10.1134/1.1484141. http://www.springerlink.com/content/p2042363m53g0537/.  ^ Kuzin SV, Zhitnik IA, Pertsov AA, Slemzin VA, Mitrofanov AV, Ignatiev AP, Korneev VV, Krutov VV, Sobelman II, Ragozin EN, Thomas RJ (1997). "Grazing Incidence XUV Spectroheliograph RES-C for the CORONAS-I Mission". J X-ray Sci Technol. 7 (3-4).  ^ Ryumin SP, Bogomolov AV, Dmitriev AV, Myagkova IN (1996). "Background conditions for recording γ radiation and energetic neutrons on CORONAS satellites from SONG data". J Mosc Phys Soc. 16 (4): 423-30. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//abs/1996JMoPS...6..423R.  ^ Zhitnik IA, Urnov AM (1991). "Studies of X-Ray flares by project CORONAS". Flare Physics in Solar Activity Maximum 22 387: 312–5. doi:10.1007/BFb0032602. http://www.springerlink.com/content/w88g528310455p75/.  ^ Kuznetsov SN, Myagkova IN, Ryumin SP, Kudela K, Buchik R, Mavromichalski H (March–April 2002). "Effects of the April 1994 Forbush events on the fluxes of the energetic charged particles measured on board CORONAS-I: their connection with conditions in the interplanetary medium". J Atmos Solar-Terrestrial Phys. 64 (5-6): 535–9. doi:10.1016/S1364-6826(02)00010-X. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VHB-458PGJY-3&_user=10&_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=e65e3ab6dde76b529f3d5e84fd1ecbd0.  Further reading Güdel M (2004). "X-ray astronomy of stellar coronae". Astron Astrophys Rev. 12: 71–237. doi:10.1007/s00159-004-0023-2. http://astronomy.sci.ege.edu.tr/~rpekunlu/GBDG/papers/XRayfromStellarCoronae.pdf.  Vedrenne, G and Atteia, J.-L. (2009). Gamma-Ray Bursts: The brightest explosions in the Universe. Springer. ISBN 978-3540390855. http://books.google.com/books?id=jZHSdrvzz0gC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false.  External links AUOS science platform NASA's National Space Science Data Center  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. v · d · eNASA Goddard Space Flight Center Main articles Robert H. Goddard · GSFC History · Wallops Flight Facility · Goddard Institute for Space Studies · Independent Verification and Validation Facility · Spacecraft Magnetic Test Facility Notable missions and programs James Webb Space Telescope · Cosmic Background Explorer · Space Network · Near Earth Network · Landsat program · Getaway Special · Compton Gamma Ray Observatory · Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer · Explorer program · Hitchhiker Program · Solar and Heliospheric Observatory · Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter · Solar Dynamics Observatory · Hubble Space Telescope · Tracking and Data Relay Satellite People Rob Strain (Center director) · John C. Mather · James Hansen · Orlando Figueroa · Gene Carl Feldman · Robert Bindschadler · Fred Espenak · Amri Hernandez-Pellerano v · d · eInterkosmos programme Satellites Interkosmos 1 · Interkosmos 2 · Interkosmos 3 · Interkosmos 4 · Interkosmos 5 · Interkosmos 6 · Interkosmos 7 · Interkosmos 8 · Interkosmos 9 · Interkosmos 10 · Interkosmos 11 · Interkosmos 12 · Interkosmos 13 · Interkosmos 14 · Interkosmos 15 · Interkosmos 16 · Interkosmos 17 · Interkosmos 18 · Interkosmos 19 · Interkosmos 20 · Interkosmos 21 · Interkosmos 22 · Interkosmos 23 · Interkosmos 24 · Interkosmos 25 · Interkosmos 26 Manned flights Soyuz 28 · Soyuz 30 · Soyuz 31 · Soyuz 33 · Soyuz 36 · Soyuz 37 · Soyuz 38 · Soyuz 39 · Soyuz 40 · Soyuz T-6 · Soyuz T-11 · Soyuz TM-3 · Soyuz TM-5 · Soyuz TM-6 · Soyuz TM-7 v · d · eSolar space observatory missions Current Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9 · GGS WIND · SOHO · ACE · TRACE · RHESSI · Hinode · STEREO · Koronas-Foton · Solar Dynamics Observatory · PICARD Spaceflight portal Completed Helios probes · ISEE 1–3 · SolarMax · Ulysses · Yohkoh · Pioneer 5 · Orbiting Solar Observatory (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) · Genesis Future Aditya-1 (2012) · Solar Orbiter (2015) · Solar Probe Plus (2015) · Solar Sentinels (2017) Cancelled Pioneer H