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Ikwerre Pronunciation [ìkʷéré] Spoken in  Nigeria Native speakers 200,000[1] Language family Niger–Congo Atlantic–Congo Volta–Niger yeai Igboid Ikwerre Dialects Ndele, Ọgbakiri, Ọbịọ, Alụụ, Ịbaa, Elele[2] Writing system Latin script Language codes ISO 639-3 ikw This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Without rendering support you may see irregular vowel positioning and a lack of conjuncts. More... v · d · e Ikwerre, also spelt as Ikwere, is a language spoken primarily by the Ikwerre people who inhabit Rivers State, Nigeria. According to a 1973 SIL International report, the number of Ikwerre speakers is estimated at 200,000.[1] By taking into consideration the population of the four Ikwerre local governments (Port Harcourt, Emohua, Obia/Akpor and Ikwerre), this figure may extend to a little over a million speakers as per the 2006 National Population Commission census.[3][4] Contents 1 Classification 2 Phonology 2.1 Vowels 2.1.1 Vowel harmony 2.2 Consonants 2.3 Tone 3 References 4 External links Classification The classification of Ikwerre as an Igbo dialect remains a subject of controversy among a minority in the Ikwerre community, although most publications classify it as an Igboid language. Based on lexicostatistical analysis, Kay Williamson originally asserted that the Ikwerre, Ekpeye, Ogba, Etche and Igbo languages belonged to the same language cluster or related languages, but maintained that they are not dialects of each other.[5] Subsequent studies by both Williamson and Roger Blench concluded that the Igbo, Ikwerre, Ogba and other sister languages, except Ekpeye, form a "language cluster" and that they are somewhat intelligible among them.[6] If there was an original Ikwerre language separate from Igbo, then that language has been lost and replaced by a language that is sister to Igbo with no evidence of it ever existing. Taking the dominance of the Igbo language into consideration, the linguistic affinity between the two languages and the high frequency of bilingualism among the Ikwerre community, researcher Kelechukwu Ihemere supports the classification of Ikwerre as an Igboid language, and that there are indications that the Ikwerre society was bilingual even in the pre-colonial Nigeria, with people speaking other Igbo dialects and Ikwerre.[7] He carefully adds, however, that if the relationship between Ikwerre and Igbo is solely due to contact, further studies into a proto-Ikwerre language would be necessary.[7] No such language has been proven to exist. Phonology Vowels Ikwerre distinguishes vowels by quality (frontedness and height), the presence or absence of nasalization, and the presence or absence of advanced tongue root. Front Back High +ATR i ĩ u ũ −ATR ɪ ɪ̃ ʊ ʊ̃ Mid +ATR e ẽ o õ −ATR ɛ ɛ̃ ɔ ɔ̃ Low −ATR a ã There is also a vowel /ə̃/, which may be realized as [ɨ̃] or a syllabic nasal whose articulation is determined by adjacent consonants. Vowel harmony Ikwerre exhibits two kinds of vowel harmony: Every vowel in an Ikwerre word, with a few exceptions, agrees with the other vowels in the word as to the presence or absence of advanced tongue root. Vowels of the same height in adjacent syllables must all be either front or back, i.e. the pairs /i/ & /u/, /ɪ/ & /ʊ/, /e/ & /o/, and /ɛ/ & /ɔ/ cannot occur in adjacent syllables. Vowels of different heights, however, need not match for frontness/backness either. This doesn't apply to the first vowel in nouns beginning with a vowel or with /ɾ/, and doesn't apply to onomatopoeic words. Consonants Bilabial Labiodental Alveolar Postalveolar or palatal Velar Glottal Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded Explosive stop or affricate Voiceless p t tʃ k kʷ Voiced b d dʒ ɡ ɡʷ Fricative Voiceless f s h hʷ Voiced v z Nonexplosive stop Voiced ḅ Glottalized ʼḅ Lateral l Tap ɾ Approximant j ɰ w The tap /ɾ/ may sometimes be realized as an approximant [ɹ]. /ḅ ʼḅ l ɾ j ɰ w h hʷ/ are realized as [m ʼm n ɾ̃ ȷ̃ ɰ̃ w̃ h̃ h̃ʷ], respectively, preceding a nasal vowel. Tone This section requires expansion. Ikwerre is a tonal language. References ^ a b Lewis, M. Paul (2009). "Ikwere - A language of Nigeria". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ikw. Retrieved 2010-09-17.  ^ Alagoa, Ebiegberi Joe; Anozie, F. N.; Nzewunwa, Nwanna (1988). The early history of the Niger Delta. Buske Verlag. p. 81. ISBN 3871188484. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MJ7KylvsgYEC&pg=PA81.  ^ "NDDC MD/CEO: Who shall we send?". 2009-06-22. http://saharareporters.com/article/nddc-mdceo-who-shall-we-send. Retrieved 2010-09-17.  ^ "Rivers State: Population by Local Government Area and Sex". National Population Commission of Nigeria. 2006. http://www.population.gov.ng/state/riversfinal.pdf. Retrieved 2010-09-17.  ^ Williamson, Kay (1973). ODUMA: The Lower Niger Languages. 1. Rivers State Council of Arts & Culture, Port Harcourt.  ^ Williamson, Kay; Roger M. Blench (2000). African languages: an introduction. Cambridge University Press.  ^ a b Kelechukwu U. Ihemere (2007). A Tri-Generational Study of Language Choice & Shift in Port Harcourt. Universal-Publishers. pp. 28–35. ISBN 1581129580, 9781581129588. http://books.google.com/books?id=uwk5IkralBAC&pg=PA28&dq=ikwerre+igbo&lr=&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=ikwerre%20igbo&f=false.  Clements, George N.; Osu, Sylvester (2005). "Nasal harmony in Ikwere, a language with no phonemic nasal consonants". Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 26: 165–200. doi:10.1515/jall.2005.26.2.165.  Williamson, Kay (1970). Reading and writing Ikwerre. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies.  External links Ethnologue report for language code:ikw