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This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2011) In computer science, synchronization refers to one of two distinct but related concepts: synchronization of processes, and synchronization of data. Process synchronization refers to the idea that multiple processes are to join up or handshake at a certain point, so as to reach an agreement or commit to a certain sequence of action. Data synchronization refers to the idea of keeping multiple copies of a dataset in coherence with one another, or to maintain data integrity. Process synchronization primitives are commonly used to implement data synchronization. Contents 1 Process synchronization 1.1 See 2 Data synchronization 3 Mathematical foundations 4 External links Process synchronization Process synchronization or serialization, strictly defined, is the application of particular mechanisms to ensure that two concurrently-executing threads or processes do not execute specific portions of a program at the same time. If one process has begun to execute a serialized portion of the program, any other process trying to execute this portion must wait until the first process finishes. Synchronization is used to control access to state both in small-scale multiprocessing systems -- in multithreaded and multiprocessor computers -- and in distributed computers consisting of thousands of units -- in banking and database systems, in web servers, and so on. See Lock (computer science) and mutex Monitor (synchronization) Semaphore (programming) Test-and-set Data synchronization Main article: Data synchronization A distinctly different (but related) concept is that of data synchronization. This refers to the need to keep multiple copies of a set of data coherent with one another. Examples include: File synchronization, such as syncing a hand-held MP3 player to a desktop computer. Cluster file systems, which are file systems that maintain data or indexes in a coherent fashion across a whole computing cluster. Cache coherency, maintaining multiple copies of data in sync across multiple caches. RAID, where data is written in a redundant fashion across multiple disks, so that the loss of any one disk does not lead to a loss of data. Database replication, where copies of data on a database are kept in sync, despite possible large geographical separation. Journalling, a technique used by many modern file systems to make sure that file metadata are updated on a disk in a coherent, consistent manner. Mathematical foundations An abstract mathematical foundation for synchronization primitives is given by the history monoid. There are also many higher-level theoretical devices, such as process calculi and Petri nets, which can be built on top of the history monoid. External links Anatomy of Linux synchronization methods at IBM developerWorks The Little Book of Semaphores, by Allen B. Downey v · d · eParallel computing topics General Cloud computing · High-performance computing · Cluster computing · Distributed computing · Grid computing Parallelism (levels) Bit · Instruction · Data · Task Threads Superthreading · Hyperthreading Theory Amdahl's law · Gustafson's law · Cost efficiency · Karp–Flatt metric · slowdown · speedup Elements Process · Thread · Fiber · PRAM · Instruction window Coordination Multiprocessing · Multithreading (computer architecture) · Memory coherency · Cache coherency · Cache invalidation · Barrier · Synchronization · Application checkpointing Programming Models (Implicit parallelism · Explicit parallelism · Concurrency) · Flynn's taxonomy (SISD • SIMD • MISD • MIMD (SPMD)) · Thread (computer science)  · Non-blocking algorithm Hardware Multiprocessing (Symmetric · Asymmetric) · Memory (NUMA · COMA · distributed · shared · distributed shared) · SMT MPP · Superscalar · Vector processor · Supercomputer · Beowulf APIs Ateji PX · POSIX Threads · OpenMP · OpenHMPP · PVM · MPI · UPC · Intel Threading Building Blocks · Boost.Thread · Global Arrays · Charm++ · Cilk · Co-array Fortran · OpenCL  · CUDA  · Dryad  · DryadLINQ Problems Embarrassingly parallel · Grand Challenge · Software lockout  · Scalability  · Race conditions  · Deadlock  · Livelock  · Deterministic algorithm · Parallel slowdown