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Eciton burchellii Specimen soldier of Eciton burchellii Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hymenoptera Family: Formicidae Subfamily: Ecitoninae Tribe: Ecitonini Genus: Eciton Species: E. burchellii Binomial name Eciton burchellii Westwood, 1842 Subspecies[1] Eciton burchellii burchellii Eciton burchellii cupiens Eciton burchellii foreli Eciton burchellii parvispinum Eciton burchellii urichi Eciton burchellii is the predominant species of the genus Eciton and a type of New World army ant. Distinct in its expansive, highly organized swarm raids, it is often considered the archetypal species of "army ant" — so much that the term has become its common name — and remains one of the most heavily investigated of all ant species. A trail of foraging Eciton burchellii As with most ants, they are polymorphic, meaning that individuals vary in size; a colony contains workers ranging from 3 mm to 12 mm, with each specific "caste" being suited to specialized tasks. As with other species of Eciton, E. burchellii features a highly modified soldier caste bearing long, pointed, characteristically falcate (sickle-shaped) mandibles. Their long legs and elongated body lend a spider-like appearance. Color varies from deep golden to dark brown. Workers possess single faceted compound eyes, double segmented waists, a well developed sting, and specialized tarsal hooks on their feet with which they cling to one another to form bridges and bivouacs. Colonies may be quite large, accommodating as many as 100,000 to 2,000,000 adult individuals. Each colony consists of a single queen, a brood of developing young, and a majority of adult workers. Members of the species have been observed using their bodies to block potholes in a path between the nest and prey. The ants will each walk to a hole and measure themselves to see if they are a fit for it and if they are, will lie across the hole to allow other members of the colony to cross at higher speed. If they do not fit, they will continue past the hole and allow another ant to check. Once in place in a hole the ant can stay there for many hours, until it is dark and the traffic flow has diminished greatly, at which point they will return to the nest.[2] This species is the swarming ant most commonly attended by "ant following" birds such as antbirds and woodcreepers.[3] Insects and other arthropods attempting to escape from E. burchellii are flushed into the attending flocks, and a number of species have evolved behavior to obtain most of their food by following swarms. Contents 1 Naming 2 References 3 External links 3.1 External images // Naming A soldier with characteristically shaped mandibles The species was referred to as Eciton burchellii in the original publication. The double i was subsequently deemed unnecessary in the later 1800s by taxonomists, and hence the name became Eciton burchelli. However, taxonomic rules have recently been stricter in adhering to the original form[4]; the name Eciton burchelli is now largely regarded as invalid.[5] References ^ "Eciton burchellii". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=575287. Retrieved 25 April 2007.  ^ 'Living Plugs' Smooth Ant Journey - BBC News, 26 May 2007. Retrieved 27 May 2007 ^ Willis, E. & Y. Oniki (1978). "Birds and Army Ants" Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 9: 243-263 Abstract ^ Longino, John T. (2005-07-16). "Formicidae: Eciton parvispinum". The Evergreen State College. http://www.evergreen.edu/Ants/Genera/eciton/species/parvispinum/parvispinum.html. Retrieved 2007-02-10.  ^ Agosti, D., and N. F. Johnson. Editors. 2005. Antbase. World Wide Web electronic publication. antbase.org, version (05/2005). Hymenoptera Name Server - Results for the species Eciton Burchelli Antbase Accessed February 2007 Diamond, Sara (2005). "Eciton burchelli". Animal Diversity Web. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eciton_burchelli.html. Retrieved 2007-01-19.  Myers, P.; R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey (2006). "Eciton burchelli (classification)". Animal Diversity Web. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/path/Eciton_burchelli.html#Eciton%20burchelli. Retrieved 2007-01-30.  Powell, Scott; Nigel R. Franks (22 October 2005). "Caste evolution and ecology: a special worker for novel prey". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (The Royal Society) 272 (1577): 2173–2180. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3196. PMID 16188606.  External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Eciton burchellii Army Ants: Inside the Ranks - National Geographic Magazine BBC videos of Eciton burchellii External images In situ http://www.armyants.org/armyants/genusfigures/eciton/misc/paraguaypics.html http://www.myrmecos.net/ants/eciton.html Anatomy Worker castes Major worker: frontal view; lateral view Minor worker: frontal view; lateral view