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Not to be confused with Business ethics. Work ethic is a set of values based on hard work and diligence. It is also a belief in the moral benefit of work and its ability to enhance character. An example would be the Protestant work ethic. A work ethic may include being reliable, having initiative, or maintaining social skills. Workers exhibiting a good work ethic in theory (and ideally in practice) should be selected for better positions, more responsibility and ultimately promotion. Workers who fail to exhibit a good work ethic may be regarded as failing to provide fair value for the wage the employer is paying them and should not be promoted or placed in positions of greater responsibility. Contents 1 Promotion of Work Ethic concept 2 Criticism of Work Ethic concept 3 See also 4 References // Promotion of Work Ethic concept Steven Malanga refers to "what was once understood as the work ethic—not just hard work but also a set of accompanying virtues, whose crucial role in the development and sustaining of free markets too few now recall.[1] Weber quotes the ethical writings of Benjamin Franklin: Remember, that time is money. He that can earn ten shillings a day by his labor, and goes abroad, or sits idle, one half of that day, though he spends but sixpence during his diversion or idleness, ought not to reckon that the only expense; he has really spent, or rather thrown away, five shillings besides. ... Remember, that money is the prolific, generating nature. Money can beget money, and its offspring can beget more, and so on. Five shillings turned is six, turned again is seven and threepence, and so on, till it becomes a hundred pounds. The more there is of it, the more it produces every turning, so that the profits rise quicker and quicker. He that kills a breeding sow, destroys all her offspring to the thousandth generation. He that murders a crown, destroys all that it might have produced, even scores of pounds.(Italics in the original) Weber notes that this is not a philosophy of mere greed, but a statement laden with moral language. Indeed, Franklin claims that God revealed to him the usefulness of virtue.[2] Many conservatives believe that laziness is morally wrong, even reprehensible, because one is not doing their share of the work and living off of the hard work of others, and for this reason oppose welfare programs. Criticism of Work Ethic concept Slacker and hippie cultures have challenged these values in recent times, characterizing them as submissive to authority and convention, and not valuable in and of themselves, but only if it brings a positive result. Others have said that it is more important to work smart than to work hard. In the 19th century, the Arts and Crafts movement of William Morris in the UK and Elbert Hubbard in the US noted how "alienation" of workers from ownership of the tools of production and their work product was destructive of the work ethic because in the expanding firms of that era, the workers saw no point in doing more than the minimum.[citation needed] The industrial engineer Frederick Winslow Taylor revised the notion of work ethic to include giving up control over the work process to management so that the latter could study and "rationalize" the work process, and the notion of work ethic thereafter included acknowledgment of management control. Marxists, and most non-Marxist sociologists, think "work ethic" is not a useful sociological concept. They argue having a "work ethic" in excess of management's control doesn't appear rational in any mature industry where the employee can't rationally hope to become more than a manager whose fate still depends on the owner's decisions. The French Leftist philosopher André Gorz wrote: "The work ethic has become obsolete. It is no longer true that producing more means working more, or that producing more will lead to a better way of life. The connection between more and better has been broken; our needs for many products and services are already more than adequately met, and many of our as-yet- unsatisfied needs will be met not by producing more, but by producing differently, producing other things, or even producing less. This is especially true as regards our needs for air, water, space, silence, beauty, time and human contact. Neither is it true any longer that the more each individual works, the better off everyone will be. In a post-industrial society, not everyone has to work hard in order to survive, though may be forced to anyway due to the economic system. The present crisis has stimulated technological change of an unprecedented scale and speed: `the micro-chip revolution'. The object and indeed the effect of this revolution has been to make rapidly increasing savings in labour, in the industrial, administrative and service sectors. Increasing production is secured in these sectors by decreasing amounts of labour. As a result, the social process of production no longer needs everyone to work in it on a full-time basis. The work ethic ceases to be viable in such a situation and workbased society is thrown into crisis." André Gorz, Critique of Economic Reason,Gallilé,1989 Others believe that the concept of "hard work" is meant to delude the working class into being loyal servants to the elite, and that working hard, in itself, is not automatically an honorable thing, but only a means to creating more wealth for the people at the top of the economic pyramid. See also Work-leisure dichotomy Workplace stress Work-life balance Work aversion Laziness Capitalism References ^ Whatever Happened to the Work Ethic? ^ Weber, Max The Protestant Ethic and "The Spirit of Capitalism" (Penguin Books, 2002) translated by Peter Baehr and Gordon C. Wells, pp.9-12 Daniel T. Rogers. The Work Ethic in Industrial America, 1850-1920. Univ. of Chicago Press, 1978. v • d • e Employment See also: template Corporate titles • template Workplace Classifications Casual / Contingent • Full-time • Part-time • Self-employed / Independent contractor • Temporary • Wage labour Hiring Application • Background check • Contract • Cover letter • Drug testing • Employment counsellor • Interview • Job fraud • Job hunting • Probation • Recruiter (Employment agency • Executive search) • Overqualification • References • Résumé / Curriculum Vitæ (CV) • Underemployment • Work-at-home scheme Roles Employee • Employer • Internship • Job • Numerary • Permanent • Permatemp • Supernumerary • Supervisor • Volunteer Attendance Break • Career break • Furlough • Gap year • Leave of absence • Long service leave • No call, no show • Sabbatical • Sick leave Schedules 35-hour workweek • Eight-hour day • Flextime • Four-day week • Overtime • Retroactive overtime • Shift work • Telecommuting • Working time • Workweek Wages Living wage • Maximum wage • Minimum wage (Canada • Hong Kong • USA) • Overtime rate • Paid time off • Performance-related pay • Salary • Salary cap • Working poor Benefits Annual leave • Disability insurance • Health insurance • Life insurance • Parental leave • Sick leave • Take-home vehicle Safety and health Epilepsy and employment • Ergonomics • Industrial noise • Occupational disease • Occupational exposure limit • Occupational health psychology • Occupational injury • Sick building syndrome • Work accident (Occupational fatality) • Workers' compensation • Work–life balance • Workplace stress • Workplace wellness Equality Affirmative action • Equal pay for women Infractions Discrimination • Employee handbook • Evaluation • Labour law • Sexual harassment • Sleeping while on duty • Workplace bullying • Workplace incivility • Workplace surveillance Willingness Anti-work • Dead end job • Job satisfaction • Refusal of work • Wage slavery • Work aversion • Work ethic • Workaholic Termination At-will employment • Constructive dismissal • Dismissal • Layoff • Letter of resignation • Recession-proof job • Resignation • Retirement • Severance package • Types of unemployment • Unemployment • Unemployment benefits • Unemployment rates • Wrongful dismissal